Track Categories
The track category is the heading under which your abstract will be reviewed and later published in the conference printed matters if accepted. During the submission process, you will be asked to select one track category for your abstract.
Plant genomics is the field of advanced science that allows scientist to examine numerous number of genes and to understand the genetic architecture of plant genomes and separate the genes responsible for mutations. It involves in sequencing and analysis of plant genome. It also helps in maintaining the large number of database that assists us to study genetic variation and to develop new plant type.
It is the method that shatters the genome into small fragments, characterizes each fragment, then arranges them back together. Pyrosequencing involves sequencing by synthesis, a simple technique for accurate and standard analysis of DNA sequences. Whole genome sequencing involves in determining the genome of complete plant DNA sequence at a single time. Developments in high-throughput sequencing have changed genetics and genomics, with lower costs leading to a rapid explosion in genome sequencing project size. The presence of DNA sequence data enables the discovery of molecular markers of broad agronomic traits creating new opportunities for crop yield improvement.
Plant synthetic biology is the field of science that combines engineering principles with plant biology toward the design, production of new devices, traditional crop improvement and novel bioproduction in plants. The knowledge gained through Systems Biology research acts as a solid foundation for redesigning the gene pathways to accelerate the adaptation of plants to water-limited environments using synthetic biology techniques. Pharmaceutical production in plants may create the flow of pharmaceutical materials into the human food chain, especially when food crops are used and it would be useful in curing many diseases.
Crop Improvement involves in the engineering of plants done for the benefit of humanity. It can be achieved by three steps- Selection, Isolation and Breeding. By selecting and isolating plants for cultivation, the early farmers were in essence influencing which plants would cross-pollinate. Breeding was done in such a way that two plants are selected and they are crossed to produce offspring having the desired traits of both parents. Gene editing is the insertion, deletion or replacement of DNA at a specific site in the genome of an organism or cell which can be done with the help of molecular scissors. Genetically Modified crops have been developed to resist abiotic stresses, such as extreme temperature, drought or salinity, and biotic stresses, such as pathogens, insects etc. and to increase the crop yield.
The innovation in agricultural genomics will continue its contribution in sustainable productivity and offers solution to challenges in facing global population. Functional genomics in the field of agriculture helps us to understand the relationship between phenotype and genotype of plants in global scale. The increase of investment in agriculture is mainly due to the use of nitrogen fertilizer because it directly affects yield as a large amount of nitrogen is being wasted up and not absorbed by the plants. Improving efficiency of nitrogen usage by genetic improvement is necessary for the agricultural development. Agricultural genomics involves various types of breeding techniques like Marker-Assisted breeding, Conventional Breeding etc. to improve the yield of crops
Cereals or crops belongs to monocot family and are cultivated globally as they provide huge amount of energy, therefore it is known as staple crops. Development and use of all kinds of molecular markers use and construction of molecular maps, study of population genetics and domestication of cereals using tools of genomics research. The gene expression databases play a vital role in extracting, organizing and interpreting information and build a connection between the genotype and phenotype of plants.
Plastics made from biomass such as corn, maize, sugarcane bagasse etc are known as Bioplastics. These plastics have same physical and chemical properties as that of regular plastics and they maintain full recycling capabilities. The biodegradable plastics can be obtained from polyhydroxyalkanoates(PHA) which is majorly obtained from plants and bacteria. Bacteria produces Acetyl-CoA enzyme during its metabolism which is converted into Polyhydroxy butyryl(PHB) by three biosynthetic enzymes. Usage of Bioplastics have enabled significant CO2 saving compared to conventional plastics. The renewable nature and biodegradability of PHA makes them suitable to replace synthetic plastic and hence paves way in the waste management.
Transgenic plants are obtained by introducing new traits to the plants by recombinant DNA technology. Plants containing transgenes are often called genetically modified crops. Transgenic plants have been developed by biolistic methods (i.e.) Particle gun method. In this method, the DNA bounded to tiny particles such as Tungsten or Gold is shot into the plant tissue by which it penetrates into cell wall and membranes. With the help of this technology many types of transgenic plants can be created such as Pest resistant plants, Herbicides resistant plants, Insect resistant plants, Virus resistant plant etc. Vaccines against infectious diseases of gastrointestinal are produces by therapeutic proteins obtained from the transgenic plants.
Phytotoxins refers to toxic substance derived from plants. These substances may be growth inhibitors, neurotoxins, carcinogens, and teratogens. They are classified based on their structural and chemical properties such as Alkaloids, Glycosides, Proteins, Anti-Vitamins etc. These phytotoxins create a significant change when it enters into the human food chain by disturbing ion channels thereby blocks the activity of central nervous system. Some substance secreted by plants have an irritant effect on skin after being irradiated by UV light. They absorb UV light, become activated and then causes cell damage by inhibiting DNA synthesis in skin. Food Poisoning are also caused by plant phytotoxins depends on many factors such as cooking methods, individual susceptibility, level of toxins which may vary according to the species and geographical environment.
Pathogenicity is the ability of a causal agent such as fungus, bacterium, virus etc. to produce disease in a host organism. It means the when the micro-organism which is pathogenic to a plant enters the plant and deviates the normal functioning of the plant. The plants can be cured only by diagnosing the disease caused to the plants which can be due to two factors such as pathogens and environmental conditions. Disease cycle of plants consists of stages like Inoculation, Penetration and Colonisation of Pathogens which causes Virulence, Aggressiveness and Predisposition in plants. So, management of plant pathogenicity is very essential in increasing the yield of plants.
Plant Breeding is the process by which humans deliberately change the characteristics of plants overtime to make them better crops and more nourishing food. Population genetics involves in the examination and modelling of changes in the frequencies of genes and alleles in plant populations over time and space. There are two methods in plant breeding- Conventional method and Unconventional method. Polyploidy have many effects on plants which vary greatly from species to species, as well as from functions of gene expression, ploidy level, heterozygosity and different traits of individual plants.
Phytology is the branch of biology that deals with the scientific study of plants. It covers wide range of scientific discipline such as structure, metabolism, growth, reproduction, development ,diseases and chemical properties, transportation and translocation of plants . The useful properties of plants and the possibilities for cultivating them are studied by plant phytology. The research in phytology of plants helps in providing staple foods, in synthesis of raw materials and chemicals in construction, environmental management, energy production and the maintenance of biodiversity can be done.
Plant anatomy is the branch of botany, which is concerned with the study of internal structure of plants. It is also called as Phytotomy. Understanding plant function is the key to enhancing crop production, producing medicines, preserving plant biodiversity, etc. Plants are made up of two organ systems: the shoot system and the root system. Shoot system consists of leaves, stems, fruits and flowers. On the other hand, the root system consists of such as roots, underground stems, and rhizomes. All of these organs are made up of cells which are categorized into three major tissue types: dermal, ground, and vascular tissue.
Plant Hormones are chemical messengers that are made in one place in the plant body and deliver their message in a totally different place in the plant body. There are many hormones such as Auxin, Gibberellin, Cytokinin, Ethylene and Abscisic Acid by which each hormone is responsible for each functions in plants. The drought signalling in plants is done by Abscisic acid during the time when there is stress on water availability. These hormones found only in small concentration but plays a vital role in plant growth, metabolism, aging etc. and study of these hormones are necessary to know well about plants.
Plant metabolism is defined as the complex of chemical and physical events of respiration, photosynthesis, and the synthesis and degradation of organic compounds. These metabolic pathway allows the organism to perform all the normal life processes such as growth and maintenance of cell structures, repair damage, reproduction and respond to environment. The enzymatic activity of plants is controlled by allosteric sites by which modulator or effectors binds to it. Biosynthesis of enzyme protein is done by translation and translocation level. Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM) is a carbon fixation pathway exists in succulents such as cacti and other desert plants as an adaptation to arid conditions.
Agricultural science is the branch of science that involves in management of biological systems for the sustainable production of fibre and food. It has the potential to lower the cost of raw materials, increase farming revenue and improve the environmental quality. Sustainable management of land and soil supports agricultural productivity, climate change mitigation, food security, and a range of ecosystem services. The by-products that is obtained from plants during photosynthesis are very useful in power generation. A large organic matter is being generated during this time and are being excreted by the roots back to the soil. This is being consumed by the micro-organism present in the soil and release electrons as the result of consumption. The released electrons can be harnessed as electricity. By sustainable agriculture it is possible to make the earth more pollution free by large production and usage of biodegradable plastics from plants.
Maintenance of crop health is essential for successful farming in both quality of produce and crop yield.The need for agricultural pest management is increasing day by day because one-fourth of the crop yield is being wasted due to pest damage on crops. So, it becomes necessary for development of better tool for controlling insects. The first and foremost step in pest management is identifying which insect is responsible for damage in each crop. Then the formulation of pest management plan is necessary to control the attack of pests in plants. There are four main groups of pests responsible for damage of crops- Weeds, Invertebrates, Pathogens and Vertebrates. Pest management methods can be categorised into four groups such as cultural, biological, mechanical and chemical.
Plant tissue culture is the technique of growing and maintaining plant cells, tissues or organs especially on artificial medium in suitable containers under controlled environmental conditions. Any part of a plant is taken out which is known as explant and grown in a test tube under sterile conditions. Cell division from explant forms callus which can be grown into another new plant. Plantlets can be regenerated by tissue culturing which involves various methods such as inoculation, incubation, regeneration and hardening. Transgenic plants can also be engineered by tissue culturing techniques. Micropropagation is an integrated technique which also involves in regeneration of plants by various methods such as Multiplication by Adventitious Shoots, Axillary Buds and Apical Shoots, Multiplication Through Callus Culture, Organogenesis and Somatic Embryogenesis
Many chemicals are critical for plant growth and development and in integrating various stress signals and controlling downstream stress responses by modulating gene expression machinery and regulating various pumps and biochemical reactions. Plant hormones are responsible for chemical signalling in plants. Auxin is the hormone responsible for phototropism in plants. The drought signalling in plants is done by Abscisic acid during the time when there is stress on water availability. Calcium signalling is one of the very important intracellular second messenger molecules involved in many signal transduction pathways in plants. Nitric Oxide signalling is also an important chemical signalling adopted by plants for efficient utilisation of Nitrogen from the soil.